pluiepoco

QUOTE FROM http://www.portugues.com.br/fonetica/fonema/fonema.asp

Fonemas

Conceito de fonema

Fonemas são as entidades capazes de estabelecer distinção entre as palavras.
Exemplos: casa/capa, muro/mudo, dia/tia

A troca de um único fonema determina o surgimento de outra palavra ou um som sem sentido.O fonema se manifesta no som produzido e é registrado pela letra, é representado graficamente por ela. O fonema /z/, por exemplo, pode ser representado por várias letras: z (fazenda), x (exagerado), s (mesa).

Classificação dos fonemas

Os fonemas da língua portuguesa classificam-se em vogais, semivogais e consoantes.

Vogais: são fonemas pronunciados sem obstáculo à passagem de ar, chegando livremente ao exterior. Exemplos: pato, bota

Semivogais: são os fonemas que se juntam a uma vogal, formando com esta uma só sílaba: Exemplos: couro, baile. Observe que só os fonemas /i/ e /u/ átonos funcionam como semivogais. Para que não sejam confundidos com as vogais i e u serão representados por [y] e [w] e chamados respectivamente de iode e vau.

Consoantes: são fonemas produzidos mediante a resistência que os órgãos bucais (língua, dentes, lábios) opõem à passagem de ar. Exemplos: caderno, lâmpada.

ATENÇÃO: Os fonemas são representados entre barras.Exemplos: /m/, /o/.

Then begin by translation of the Chapter:

2.1 general notions noções gerais

phone, the minimum phonetic unit, is shown as letter with square brackets or slashes, i.e. [e] or /e/, [m] or /m/.

PT letters can be divided, according to their phonographic functions, into:

1. monophone letter

The letter that represents a single phone is a monophone letter, as p [p] in pá (spade), as well as most of consonant letters.

2. polyphone letter

The letter that represents a group of phones is a polyphone letter, as x [ks] in sexo (sex).

3. group letters

A group of letters that represents a single phone is called group letters, as lh [λ] in filho (son). (see "§ 2.9 digraph")

Each PT letter represent one or more phones, except mute h. Although h itself does not represent any phone, it still has phonographic function, that is, to be incorporated in digraph which will represents phone(s).

The number of PT letters is less than that of their phones, so many letters (mainly vocal letters) can represent several phones if necessary.

PT phones can be divided into vocal (including semi-vocal) and consonant, and the letters representing them are called vocal letters and consonant letters respectively.

2.2 vowel vogal

The sound formed by the air stream through oral channel without obstable is vocal. PT language has totally 5 vocal letters, i.e. a, e, i, o, u.

In most parts of Portugal and Brazil, these 5 vocal letters can represent the phones shown below (where the descriptions tell on which occasions each phone is pronounced):


phone#letter#example#descriptions
/a/#a#lilás, sala#a with open mark or in accented syllable
/α/#a#sala, ano, vamos#a in light syllable or before m or n
#e#lei, lenha#in Lisbon (Portugal)
/ã/#ã, am, an#maçã, campo, panda#a with nasal mark or nasalization mark m or n
/ε/#e#até, colher#e with open mark or in certain accented syllable
/e/#e#você, ele#e with close mark or in certain accented syllable
#e#recado#in Brazil, when e is in light syllable
//#e#recado, melão, ele#in Portugal, when e is light ending or in light syllable
/~e/#em, en#tempo, lento#with nasalization mark m or n
/i/#i#país, animal#after added with acute mark, cancel the dot on top
#e#estudante, enorme#in Portugal, when e is light beginning
#e#estudante, enorme#in Brazil, when e is light beginning or ending
#y#Eloysa#in alien word, shown as consonant letter y
/~i/#im, in#sim, cinzento#with m or n as the nasalization mark
#i#mui, muito#due to history, this phenomenon only appears in mui, muito and their derivatives
/j/#i#pai, dei#i as semi-vocal in compound vocals
/o#avó, porta#o with open mark or in certain accented syllable
/o/#o#avô, bolo#o with close mark or in certain accented syllable
#o#correr, morar#in Brazil, when o is in light syllable
/õõ, om, on#lições, som, onde#with nasalization mark m or n
/u/#u#uma, futebol#
#o#bolo, caro#o in ending
#o#correr, morar, cozinha#in Portugal, when o is in light syllable
#o#cozinha#in Brazil, when o is light ending
#w#whist (uist)#in alien words from English, shown consonant letter w
/~u/#um, un#um, un#with nasalization mark m or n
/w/#u#pau, água#u as semi-vocal in compound vocals
#l#saltar, animal#in Brazil, l in the end of a syllable can be vocalized


see attached Table

2.2.1 oral vocal and nasal vocal vogal oral e vogal nasal

PT vowels can be divided into:

oral vowel: in pronouncing it, the air stream resonates and flows out of oral cavity, as á /a/ in lá (there).

nasal vowel: part of the air stream leaks out of nasal cavity, as ã /ã/ in lã (wool).

PT nasals can be shown with "~" (see "§ 2.10.3 nasal mark). Additionally, when vocal letters a, e, i, o or u appears before m or n to group into a syllable, it also form a nasal (on that occasion, m or n can be deemed as nasalization mark), as am /ã/ in tampa (lid) and an /ã/ in portanto (thus). (see in detail the descriptions of the "vocal phones" stated in § 2.2)

2.2.2 open vowel and close vowel vogal aberta e vogal fechada

oral vowels can be divided into:

open vowel (open): in pronouncing, open mouth large, as ó /I cannot input phonetic marks fully in message, the sound can be found in rod/ in pó (powder).

close vowel (close): in pronouncing, shut mouth slightly, as ô /o/ in pôr (put).

PT open and close vowels can be indicated by marks (see "§ 2.10.1 acute accent", "§ 2.10.2 circumflex" and "§ 2.10.4 grave accent". Whether it is open or close depends on its location in a word, for example, a is open in accented syllable (tonic in latin), but close in light syllable (atonic in latin). Nevertheless, sometimes there can be no rules to follow, like e can be open or close at accented syllable. (see in detail the descriptions of the "vocal phones" stated in § 2.2)

2.3 consonant consoante

In pronoucing a consonant, the air stream is obstructed. PT letters are all consonants except 5 vocals.

The consonants pronounced without vibrating vocal cords are called voiceless consonants (consoantes sonoras), like p, t and q; those pronounced while vibrating vocal cords are called voiced consonants (consoantes brandas), like b, d and g.

a nap, found a good site of PT thoughts in EN linguistics and teaching:
http://www.sk.com.br/sk-reduc.html

Attached Files

	vocal phone.doc (59.0 KB, 89 views)

pluiepoco

---continued---

I nearly give up because of business and laziness, anyhow, I decide to continue, here it follows:

In most parts of Portugal and Brazil, consonants can represent the following phones (the Description column tells you on what pronouncing occassion each phone is used).

Consonant Phones
Phonetic Symbal#Letter#Example#Description
Phonetic Symbal#Letter#Example#Description
/b/#b#boi, beber#
/p/#p#pai, papel#
/d/#d#dia, ciadade#
/dd#dia, cidade#in Brazil, when d is before I or before light e at ending
/t/#t#porta, até, tía#
/tt#tía, noite, teatro#in Brazil, when t is before I or before light e at ending (sometimes at beginning)
/g/#g#gato, gota, água, magro, digno#g before a, o, u or before consonants
/k/#c#casa, comer, curta, criança#c before a, o, u or before consonants
#q#quase, que, quilo, quota#q linked to vowels through u
#k#kümmel (cumel)#in alien words
/m/#m#uma, amigo#
/n/#n#nabo, não#
/nh#senhor, vinho#(see “§ 2.9 digraph”)
/l/#l#lata, sala#
/l/#l#saltar, animal#in Portugal, where l is at the ending of syllable or word
/λ/lh#filho, colher#(see “§ 2.9 digraph”)
/r/#r#porta, fará, comer#r in the middle or ending of word
r/r#rato, genro, melro, Israel#r in the beginning or after l, n, s as double voice, which can be pronounced as back-lingual consonant, or uvular, phone /R/
#rr#garrafa, carro#as double voice, which can be pronounced as back-lingual consonant or uvular
/f/#f#faca, fruta#
/v/#v#luva, livro#
#w#wagneriano#in alien word from German
/s/#s#sala, sal#
#s#isto, todos#in Brazil, when s is at the ending of syllable or word
#ss#professor, massa#(see “§ 2.9 digraph”)
#c#você, cinema#c before e or i
#ç#maçã, poço, açúcar#ç before a, o, u (see “§ 2.10.7 soft sign”)
#x#próximo#
#z#feliz#in Brazil, when z is at the ending of syllable
/z/#z#azul, zoológico#
#z#feliz ano#in Portugal, when ending z is before the word beginning with vowel
#s#mesa#s between two vowels
#s#mesmo,cisne, trânsito, obséquia#in Brazil, when s is before m or n, sometimes after n or b
#s#ventos amenos#when ending s is before the word beginning with vowel (see “§ 3.5.8 liaison of syllables and words”
#x#exercício, exame#x after beginning e
/#ch#chave, chuva#(see “§ 2.9 digraph”)
#x#caixa#
#s#isto, isca, ventos festa#in Portugal, when s is before voiceless consonant or at the ending before pause
#z#feliz festa#in Portugal, when z is before voiceless consonant or at the ending before pause
/#j#já, janela, jovem#
#g#genro, giz#g before e or i
#s#mesmo, cisne, rasgar#in Portugal, when s is before voiced consonant
#s#ventos brandos#in Portugal, when ending s is before the word beginning with voiced consonant
#z#feliz viagem#in Portugal, when ending z is before the word beginning with voiced consonant

See Attached

2.4 semi-vowel semivogal

Semi-vowel is between vowel and consonant.

Of the 5 vocal PT letters, a, e and o generally represent strong vowel, while i and u generally represent weak vowel, when the strong and weak vowels come together, they will form compound vowel (diphthong or triphthong). the i /j/ and u /w/ in compound vowels are called semi-vowel.

2.5 diphthong ditongo

Diphthong comprises one vowel (strong vowel) and one semi-vowel (weak vowel), it can be divided into diphthong and nasal diphthong, or into descending diphthong and ascending diphthong.

2.5.1 descending diphthong ditongo decrescente

Comprising "vowel+semi-vowel", featured by first-loud-then-light articulation, i.e. muscle intensity and voice loudness is descending in the process of articulation.

The descending diphthong comprises:

1. descending oral diphthong ditongo oral decrescente
/aj/#ai#pai#father
/aw/#au#pau#stick
/éi#anéis#ring
/ei#sei#(I) know (mainly in Portugal)
/ej/#ei#sei#(I) know (mainly in Brazil)
/#éu#céu#sky
/ew/#eu#meu#my
/iw/#iu#viu#see, view
/ói#dói#pain
/oj/#oi#boi#ox
/ow/#ou#vou#(I) go (nowadays people usually pronounce /ow/ as /o/
/uj/#ui#fui#(I) went
###

See Attached

Note: when the weak vowel carries accent mark, it will not form diphthong, but form a hiatus: saúde (sa-ú-de). (See "§ 2.7 hiatus")

2. descending nasal diphthong ditongo nasal decrescente

/ãj/ ãe: mãe mother
----ãi: cãibra spasm
----em (ending): vem come (in most regions of Portugal)
----en (in derivative): benzinho dear (in most regions of Portugal)
/ãw/ ão: cão dog
----am (ending): falam speak
/~ej/ em (ending): vem come (in Brazil and part of Portugal)
----en (in derivative): benzinho dear (in Brazil and part of Portugal)
/õj/ õe: põe put
/~uj/ ui: muito much

Notes: Nasal diphthong is combined by two of the three strong vowels, or by one strong vowel plus m or n, in writing form, nevertheless, it represents phones one strong and one weak (vowel+semi-vowel), so it is also descending diphthong.

2.5.2 ascending diphthong ditongo crescente

Comprising "semi-vowel+vowel", featured by first-light-then-loud articulation, i.e. muscle intensity and voice loudness is ascending in the process of articulation.

Ascending diphthong mainly means the diphthong grouped by u /w/ acting as semi-vowel after g /g/ or q /k/. It includes:

1. ascending oral diphthong ditongo oral crescente

quase almost/nearly
equestre (eqüestre) on horseback
quota membership dues
tranquilo (tranqüilo) tranquil
igual equal
linguete (lingüete) tongue

2. ascending nasal diphthong ditongo nasal crescente

quando when
enxaguando washing
quinquenal (qüinqüenal) quinquennial/of five years

Notes: When -ia, -ie, -io, -oa, -ua, -ue, or -uo as light ending, can be deemed as ascending diphthong:

vitó-ria victory
sé-rio serious

or deemed as hiatus (see "§ 2.7 hiatus").

2.6 triphthong tritongo

Comprising "semi-vowel+vowel+semi-vowel". In its writing form, the middle is a strong vowel or accented weak vowel, with one light strong vowel or weak vowel both before and after. It includes:

1. oral triphthong tritongo oral

/waj/ Uruguai Uruguay
/wAj/ enxaguei wash (in Portugal)
/wej/ enxagüei wash (in Brazil)
/wiw/ delinquiu delinquency/crime

2. nasal triphthong tritongo nasal

/wÃw/ saguão skylight
/wÃj/ delinquem commit delinquency (in Portugal)
/w~ej/ delinqüem commit delinquency (in Brazil)
/wõj/ saguões skylights

The italic in following words are also considered triphthongs:

sociais social (pl.)
fiéis faithful/loyal/the adj. of fidelity
espião spy
espiões spies

2.7 hiatus hiato

Hiatus means two vowels (oral vowel or nasal vowel) gouped together, that pronouce independently two phones. In writing form, it's generally composed of two strong vowels or of one strong vowel plus one accented weak vowel:

Israel Israel
país country/state
saúde health
teeleger re-elect
rua road
teoria theory
ruim (im represents a phone) worst
doença (en represents a phone) disease/illness

Note: When -ia, -ie, -io, -oa, -ua, -ue, or -uo as light ending, can be deemed as hiatus:

vitóri-a victory
séri-o serious

2.8 consonant cluster encontros consonantais

Two combined consonants can pronounce different sounds consecutively, which forms consonant cluster.

In consonant cluster, it is specially noted that, when the 2rd consonant is l or r, the two consonants are indivisible, the 1st consonant must be read transitorily, without adding vowel between the two consonants.

bla ble bli blo blu blusa shirt
bra bre bri bro bru branco white
cla cle cli clo clu clima climate
cra cre cri cro cru claro clear
dra dre dri dro dru dragão dragon
fla fle fli flo flu flor flower
fra fre fri fro fru fruta fruit
gla gle gli glo glu inglês English
gra gre gri gro gru grande grand/great/big
pla ple pli plo plu planta plant
pra pre pri pro pru prato plate
tla tle-----------atletismo athleticism
tra tre tri tro tru trabalho labour/work
vra vre vri vro vru livraria bookstore/in fact it is equavilent to library, since livre=libre, v=b

Consonant cluster gn, mn, pn, pr, pt or tm as ending, should be pronounced in a row:

pneu-monia pneumonia
psi-cologia psychology

But in the middle of words, it can also be pronounced separately:

di-gnidade or dig-nidade dignity
ri-tmo or rit-mo rhythm

In following words, the grouped consonants belong to different syllables, so they are not consonant cluster (see "§ 2.9 digraph"):

can-ção song
lâm-pada lamp

2.9 digraph dígrafo

Two letters together represent one phone is called a digraph. It has following forms:

See Attachment

Attached Files

	Consonant Phones .doc (73.5 KB, 64 views)
	descending oral diphthong.doc (35.0 KB, 52 views)

Nana_Brazil

HUMFS you never give up ah, Eistein?

pluiepoco

---continued---
The Attachment is to § 2.9 digraph.

2.10 phonetic signs sinais indicadores de sons

Apart from letters themselves, some diacritic signs in writing can help us grasp the authentic pronunciation of words and letters, which signs includes the following:

2.10.1 acute accent acento agudo

"´", which can fall on the five vowels as: á, é, ó (open and accented); í, ú (acute and accented), while I thought the original text got sth. wrong!

2.10.2 circumflex acento circunflexo

"^", which can only fall on three vowels as: â, ê, ô (close and accented).

2.10.3 tilde til

"~", which can only fall on two vowels as: ã, õ (nasal and accented).

2.10.4 grave accent acento grave

"`", which can only fall on vowel a in modern PT, indicating a grammatical phenomenon (see "§ 16.2.21 contraction of prepositions with other words"), also close in phonetics as: à, às.

2.10.5 diaeresis trema

"¨", which can only be used in Brazil, placed on the letter u in syllables gue, gui, que, qui to form respectively güe, güi, qüe, qüi, that u should be pronounced:

agüentar endure
lingüística linguistics
cinqüenta fifty
tranqüilo tranquil

PT does not apply diaeresis, whether u is pronounced depends on customs.

According to the "Orthographic Accord of The Portuguese Language (1990)", PT does not apply this sign except some loanwords.

My Note: In fact, I input this sign in ES keyboard, because there is no such function keys in PT keyboard, maybe the "loanwords" is from Spanish!

2.10.6 apostrophe apóstrofo

" ' ", which is used in following occassions in writing:


---to be continued---

Attached Files

	Digraph Forms.doc (39.0 KB, 47 views)

__________________
刘晓雨 pluiepoco
Home of Asia, 中国语言论坛(Chinese Forum of Languages), 西瓜村

pluiepoco

I have to be at job now! I really want to continue, but now I'm having red eyes working at my job!

__________________
刘晓雨 pluiepoco
Home of Asia, 中国语言论坛(Chinese Forum of Languages), 西瓜村

pluiepoco

2.10.6 apostrophe apóstrofo

" ' ", which is used in following occassions in writing:

1. As required by poetry, in a poem some letters are omitted:

c'roa (=coroa) crown
esp'rança (=esperança) expectancy

2. Some letters omitted in generalized pronunciation:

'tá na loja (=está na loja) be in the shop

3. Some vowels omitted because they are the same:

minh'alma (=minha alma) my soul

4. Vocal letter in the preposition de of compound nouns is omitted:

galinha-d'água (galinha de água) moorhen

5. Vocal letter of certain prepositions of book titles is omitted:

gostar d'Os Lusíadas (=de Os Lusíadas) like The Lusitania
falar n'Os Lusíadas (=em Os Lusíadas) talk in/about The Lusitania

interessar-se pel'Os Lusíadas (=por Os Lusíadas) be interested by/in The Lusitania

Notes: The forms concerning "dos =de + os", "nos= em+ os" and "pelos= por + os" see "§ 16.2.21 contraction of prepositions with other words"

6. Saying of God, the vocal letter of preceding preposition should be omitted:

É a mão d'Ele (=de Ele) que nos guia. It is His hand that guides us.

7. When the word after santo or santa begins with vowel, the ending vocal letter should be omitted:


Rua de Sant'Ana (=Rua de Santa Ana) Road/Street of Saint Ana

2.10.7 soft sign cedilha

"¸", when c appears before a, o, u, add this and become ç (called cê cedilhado), pronounced /s/:

praça plaza
caçar hunting
açúcar sugar

__________________
刘晓雨 pluiepoco
Home of Asia, 中国语言论坛(Chinese Forum of Languages), 西瓜村

Nana_Brazil

Ç cedilha has a soft "s" pronunciation, too.