I'm not a specialist at all, but this is what I found :
The man Jacob fights against isn't a real man but God. This is why we don't know exactly who he is and what he looks like. This fight was interpreted as more a spiritual fight than a physical one. After it, Jacob is called "Israel" because, in Hebrew, this name means "strong against God" ( and "God be strong" ) ; this is exactly what Jacob's just done : he has striven with God, as if with a man.
"Israel" has many meanings : it is first Jacob's name after his fight, then the name of the whole twelve tribs which come from Jacob's twelve sons. Eventually, it is the name of the land where they settle. The Israelistes are its inhabitants.
"Hebrew" is thought to be the name the Egyptians and the Philistines gave to Abram's offspring, for it means "the strangers". It disappears after and they are called "Israel's sons" or "Jews".
"Jews" is originally the name of the inhabitants of Judea, which is the main part of the kingdom of Jerusalem. It is also linked to the alliance God is said to have entered into with this people, so it means more or less "the chosen people".
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