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I nearly give up because of business and laziness, anyhow, I decide to continue, here it follows:
In most parts of Portugal and Brazil, consonants can represent the following phones (the Description column tells you on what pronouncing occassion each phone is used).
Consonant Phones
Phonetic Symbal#Letter#Example#Description
Phonetic Symbal#Letter#Example#Description
/b/#b#boi, beber#
/p/#p#pai, papel#
/d/#d#dia, ciadade#
/dd#dia, cidade#in Brazil, when d is before I or before light e at ending
/t/#t#porta, até, tía#
/tt#tía, noite, teatro#in Brazil, when t is before I or before light e at ending (sometimes at beginning)
/g/#g#gato, gota, água, magro, digno#g before a, o, u or before consonants
/k/#c#casa, comer, curta, criança#c before a, o, u or before consonants
#q#quase, que, quilo, quota#q linked to vowels through u
#k#kümmel (cumel)#in alien words
/m/#m#uma, amigo#
/n/#n#nabo, não#
/nh#senhor, vinho#(see “§ 2.9 digraph”)
/l/#l#lata, sala#
/l/#l#saltar, animal#in Portugal, where l is at the ending of syllable or word
/λ/lh#filho, colher#(see “§ 2.9 digraph”)
/r/#r#porta, fará, comer#r in the middle or ending of word
r/r#rato, genro, melro, Israel#r in the beginning or after l, n, s as double voice, which can be pronounced as back-lingual consonant, or uvular, phone /R/
#rr#garrafa, carro#as double voice, which can be pronounced as back-lingual consonant or uvular
/f/#f#faca, fruta#
/v/#v#luva, livro#
#w#wagneriano#in alien word from German
/s/#s#sala, sal#
#s#isto, todos#in Brazil, when s is at the ending of syllable or word
#ss#professor, massa#(see “§ 2.9 digraph”)
#c#você, cinema#c before e or i
#ç#maçã, poço, açúcar#ç before a, o, u (see “§ 2.10.7 soft sign”)
#x#
próximo#
#z#feliz#in Brazil, when z is at the ending of syllable
/z/#z#azul, zoológico#
#z#feliz ano#in Portugal, when ending z is before the word beginning with vowel
#s#mesa#s between two vowels
#s#mesmo,cisne, trânsito, obséquia#in Brazil, when s is before m or n, sometimes after n or b
#s#ventos amenos#when ending s is before the word beginning with vowel (see “§ 3.5.8 liaison of syllables and words”
#x#exercício, exame#x after beginning e
/#ch#chave, chuva#(see “§ 2.9 digraph”)
#x#caixa#
#s#isto, isca, ventos festa#in Portugal, when s is before voiceless consonant or at the ending before pause
#z#feliz festa#in Portugal, when z is before voiceless consonant or at the ending before pause
/#j#já, janela, jovem#
#g#genro, giz#g before e or i
#s#mesmo, cisne, rasgar#in Portugal, when s is before voiced consonant
#s#ventos brandos#in Portugal, when ending s is before the word beginning with voiced consonant
#z#feliz viagem#in Portugal, when ending z is before the word beginning with voiced consonant
See Attached
2.4 semi-vowel semivogal
Semi-vowel is between vowel and consonant.
Of the 5 vocal PT letters, a, e and o generally represent strong vowel, while i and u generally represent weak vowel, when the strong and weak vowels come together, they will form compound vowel (diphthong or triphthong). the i /j/ and u /w/ in compound vowels are called semi-vowel.
2.5 diphthong ditongo
Diphthong comprises one vowel (strong vowel) and one semi-vowel (weak vowel), it can be divided into diphthong and nasal diphthong, or into descending diphthong and ascending diphthong.
2.5.1 descending diphthong ditongo decrescente
Comprising "vowel+semi-vowel", featured by first-loud-then-light articulation, i.e. muscle intensity and voice loudness is descending in the process of articulation.
The descending diphthong comprises:
1. descending oral diphthong ditongo oral decrescente
/aj/#ai#pai#father
/aw/#au#pau#stick
/éi#anéis#ring
/ei#sei#(I) know (mainly in Portugal)
/ej/#ei#sei#(I) know (mainly in Brazil)
/#éu#céu#sky
/ew/#eu#meu#my
/iw/#iu#viu#see, view
/ói#dói#pain
/oj/#oi#boi#ox
/ow/#ou#vou#(I) go (nowadays people usually pronounce /ow/ as /o/
/uj/#ui#fui#(I) went
###
See Attached
Note: when the weak vowel carries accent mark, it will not form diphthong, but form a hiatus: saúde (sa-ú-de). (See "§ 2.7 hiatus")
2. descending nasal diphthong ditongo nasal decrescente
/ãj/ ãe: mãe mother
----ãi: cãibra spasm
----em (ending): vem come (in most regions of Portugal)
----en (in derivative): benzinho dear (in most regions of Portugal)
/ãw/ ão: cão dog
----am (ending): falam speak
/~ej/ em (ending): vem come (in Brazil and part of Portugal)
----en (in derivative): benzinho dear (in Brazil and part of Portugal)
/õj/ õe: põe put
/~uj/ ui: muito much
Notes: Nasal diphthong is combined by two of the three strong vowels, or by one strong vowel plus m or n, in writing form, nevertheless, it represents phones one strong and one weak (vowel+semi-vowel), so it is also descending diphthong.
2.5.2 ascending diphthong ditongo crescente
Comprising "semi-vowel+vowel", featured by first-light-then-loud articulation, i.e. muscle intensity and voice loudness is ascending in the process of articulation.
Ascending diphthong mainly means the diphthong grouped by u /w/ acting as semi-vowel after g /g/ or q /k/. It includes:
1. ascending oral diphthong ditongo oral crescente
quase almost/nearly
equestre (eqüestre) on horseback
quota membership dues
tranquilo (tranqüilo) tranquil
igual equal
linguete (lingüete) tongue
2. ascending nasal diphthong ditongo nasal crescente
quando when
enxaguando washing
quinquenal (qüinqüenal) quinquennial/of five years
Notes: When -ia, -ie, -io, -oa, -ua, -ue, or -uo as light ending, can be deemed as ascending diphthong:
vitó-ria victory
sé-rio serious
or deemed as hiatus (see "§ 2.7 hiatus").
2.6 triphthong tritongo
Comprising "semi-vowel+vowel+semi-vowel". In its writing form, the middle is a strong vowel or accented weak vowel, with one light strong vowel or weak vowel both before and after. It includes:
1. oral triphthong tritongo oral
/waj/ Uruguai Uruguay
/wAj/ enxaguei wash (in Portugal)
/wej/ enxagüei wash (in Brazil)
/wiw/ delinquiu delinquency/crime
2. nasal triphthong tritongo nasal
/wÃw/ saguão skylight
/wÃj/ delinquem commit delinquency (in Portugal)
/w~ej/ delinqüem commit delinquency (in Brazil)
/wõj/ saguões skylights
The
italic in following words are also considered triphthongs:
soc
iais social (pl.)
f
iéis faithful/loyal/the adj. of fidelity
esp
ião spy
esp
iões spies
2.7 hiatus hiato
Hiatus means two vowels (oral vowel or nasal vowel) gouped together, that pronouce independently two phones. In writing form, it's generally composed of two strong vowels or of one strong vowel plus one accented weak vowel:
Isr
ael Israel
p
aís country/state
s
aúde health
t
eeleger re-elect
r
ua road
t
eoria theory
r
uim (im represents a phone) worst
d
oença (en represents a phone) disease/illness
Note: When -ia, -ie, -io, -oa, -ua, -ue, or -uo as light ending, can be deemed as hiatus:
vitór
i-a victory
sér
i-o serious
2.8 consonant cluster encontros consonantais
Two combined consonants can pronounce different sounds consecutively, which forms consonant cluster.
In consonant cluster, it is specially noted that, when the 2rd consonant is l or r, the two consonants are indivisible, the 1st consonant must be read transitorily, without adding vowel between the two consonants.
bla ble bli blo blu
blusa shirt
bra bre bri bro bru
branco white
cla cle cli clo clu
clima climate
cra cre cri cro cru
claro clear
dra dre dri dro dru
dragão dragon
fla fle fli flo flu
flor flower
fra fre fri fro fru
fruta fruit
gla gle gli glo glu
inglês English
gra gre gri gro gru
grande grand/great/big
pla ple pli plo plu
planta plant
pra pre pri pro pru
prato plate
tla tle-----------
atletismo athleticism
tra tre tri tro tru
trabalho labour/work
vra vre vri vro vru
livraria bookstore/in fact it is equavilent to library, since livre=libre, v=b
Consonant cluster gn, mn, pn,
pr, pt or tm as ending, should be pronounced in a row:
pneu-monia pneumonia
psi-cologia psychology
But in the middle of words, it can also be pronounced separately:
di-
gnidade or di
g-nidade dignity
ri-
tmo or ri
t-mo rhythm
In following words, the grouped consonants belong to different syllables, so they are not consonant cluster (see "§ 2.9 digraph"):
ca
n-ção song
lâ
m-pada lamp
2.9 digraph dígrafo
Two letters together represent one phone is called a digraph. It has following forms:
See Attachment