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QUOTE FROM http://www.portugues.com.br/fonetica/fonema/fonema.asp

Fonemas

Conceito de fonema

Fonemas são as entidades capazes de estabelecer distinção entre as palavras.
Exemplos: casa/capa, muro/mudo, dia/tia

A troca de um único fonema determina o surgimento de outra palavra ou um som sem sentido.O fonema se manifesta no som produzido e é registrado pela letra, é representado graficamente por ela. O fonema /z/, por exemplo, pode ser representado por várias letras: z (fazenda), x (exagerado), s (mesa).

Classificação dos fonemas

Os fonemas da língua portuguesa classificam-se em vogais, semivogais e consoantes.

Vogais: são fonemas pronunciados sem obstáculo à passagem de ar, chegando livremente ao exterior. Exemplos: pato, bota

Semivogais: são os fonemas que se juntam a uma vogal, formando com esta uma só sílaba: Exemplos: couro, baile. Observe que só os fonemas /i/ e /u/ átonos funcionam como semivogais. Para que não sejam confundidos com as vogais i e u serão representados por [y] e [w] e chamados respectivamente de iode e vau.

Consoantes: são fonemas produzidos mediante a resistência que os órgãos bucais (língua, dentes, lábios) opõem à passagem de ar. Exemplos: caderno, lâmpada.

ATENÇÃO: Os fonemas são representados entre barras.Exemplos: /m/, /o/.

Then begin by translation of the Chapter:

2.1 general notions noções gerais

phone, the minimum phonetic unit, is shown as letter with square brackets or slashes, i.e. [e] or /e/, [m] or /m/.

PT letters can be divided, according to their phonographic functions, into:

1. monophone letter

The letter that represents a single phone is a monophone letter, as p [p] in pá (spade), as well as most of consonant letters.

2. polyphone letter

The letter that represents a group of phones is a polyphone letter, as x [ks] in sexo (sex).

3. group letters

A group of letters that represents a single phone is called group letters, as lh [λ] in filho (son). (see "§ 2.9 digraph")

Each PT letter represent one or more phones, except mute h. Although h itself does not represent any phone, it still has phonographic function, that is, to be incorporated in digraph which will represents phone(s).

The number of PT letters is less than that of their phones, so many letters (mainly vocal letters) can represent several phones if necessary.

PT phones can be divided into vocal (including semi-vocal) and consonant, and the letters representing them are called vocal letters and consonant letters respectively.

2.2 vowel vogal

The sound formed by the air stream through oral channel without obstable is vocal. PT language has totally 5 vocal letters, i.e. a, e, i, o, u.

In most parts of Portugal and Brazil, these 5 vocal letters can represent the phones shown below (where the descriptions tell on which occasions each phone is pronounced):


phone#letter#example#descriptions
/a/#a#lilás, sala#a with open mark or in accented syllable
/α/#a#sala, ano, vamos#a in light syllable or before m or n
#e#lei, lenha#in Lisbon (Portugal)
/ã/#ã, am, an#maçã, campo, panda#a with nasal mark or nasalization mark m or n
/ε/#e#até, colher#e with open mark or in certain accented syllable
/e/#e#você, ele#e with close mark or in certain accented syllable
#e#recado#in Brazil, when e is in light syllable
//#e#recado, melão, ele#in Portugal, when e is light ending or in light syllable
/~e/#em, en#tempo, lento#with nasalization mark m or n
/i/#i#país, animal#after added with acute mark, cancel the dot on top
#e#estudante, enorme#in Portugal, when e is light beginning
#e#estudante, enorme#in Brazil, when e is light beginning or ending
#y#Eloysa#in alien word, shown as consonant letter y
/~i/#im, in#sim, cinzento#with m or n as the nasalization mark
#i#mui, muito#due to history, this phenomenon only appears in mui, muito and their derivatives
/j/#i#pai, dei#i as semi-vocal in compound vocals
/o#avó, porta#o with open mark or in certain accented syllable
/o/#o#avô, bolo#o with close mark or in certain accented syllable
#o#correr, morar#in Brazil, when o is in light syllable
/õõ, om, on#lições, som, onde#with nasalization mark m or n
/u/#u#uma, futebol#
#o#bolo, caro#o in ending
#o#correr, morar, cozinha#in Portugal, when o is in light syllable
#o#cozinha#in Brazil, when o is light ending
#w#whist (uist)#in alien words from English, shown consonant letter w
/~u/#um, un#um, un#with nasalization mark m or n
/w/#u#pau, água#u as semi-vocal in compound vocals
#l#saltar, animal#in Brazil, l in the end of a syllable can be vocalized


see attached Table

2.2.1 oral vocal and nasal vocal vogal oral e vogal nasal

PT vowels can be divided into:

oral vowel: in pronouncing it, the air stream resonates and flows out of oral cavity, as á /a/ in lá (there).

nasal vowel: part of the air stream leaks out of nasal cavity, as ã /ã/ in lã (wool).

PT nasals can be shown with "~" (see "§ 2.10.3 nasal mark). Additionally, when vocal letters a, e, i, o or u appears before m or n to group into a syllable, it also form a nasal (on that occasion, m or n can be deemed as nasalization mark), as am /ã/ in tampa (lid) and an /ã/ in portanto (thus). (see in detail the descriptions of the "vocal phones" stated in § 2.2)

2.2.2 open vowel and close vowel vogal aberta e vogal fechada

oral vowels can be divided into:

open vowel (open): in pronouncing, open mouth large, as ó /I cannot input phonetic marks fully in message, the sound can be found in rod/ in pó (powder).

close vowel (close): in pronouncing, shut mouth slightly, as ô /o/ in pôr (put).

PT open and close vowels can be indicated by marks (see "§ 2.10.1 acute accent", "§ 2.10.2 circumflex" and "§ 2.10.4 grave accent". Whether it is open or close depends on its location in a word, for example, a is open in accented syllable (tonic in latin), but close in light syllable (atonic in latin). Nevertheless, sometimes there can be no rules to follow, like e can be open or close at accented syllable. (see in detail the descriptions of the "vocal phones" stated in § 2.2)

2.3 consonant consoante

In pronoucing a consonant, the air stream is obstructed. PT letters are all consonants except 5 vocals.

The consonants pronounced without vibrating vocal cords are called voiceless consonants (consoantes sonoras), like p, t and q; those pronounced while vibrating vocal cords are called voiced consonants (consoantes brandas), like b, d and g.

a nap, found a good site of PT thoughts in EN linguistics and teaching:
http://www.sk.com.br/sk-reduc.html

Attached Files

	vocal phone.doc (59.0 KB, 91 views)