The method is quite complicated. In short, all chinese characters can be dismantled into small bits. Simply type in bit by bit, you will get the character.
However, there's more than 100 schemes to dismantle characters. There's no standard yet, but the most popular methods include ChangJie, Wu-Ma (Five-code) and Dayi.
For mobile phone users, it can be much simpler. There's a method named T9 Chinese, it takes 5 keys to input apparently all chinese characters--- seems easy, but the speed is slow (I can type in around 20 characters per min, but 110 characters with Changjie keyboard) .
Another method for mobile phone users is to romanize all characters. for example, The pronounciation of the word "China" is Zhongguo. Just type in "Zhong" and "Guo", the appropriate chinese characters will show up. Again, the drawback is speed.
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